Verified normal adult lab values, vital signs by age, therapeutic drug levels, IV fluids and conversions — all in one place. Works offline.
🩸 CBC & WBC Differential conventional units
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Haemoglobin (Hb)
M 13.5–17.5 · F 12.0–15.5 g/dL
Haematocrit (Hct)
M 41–53% · F 36–46%
RBC count
M 4.5–5.9 · F 4.0–5.2 million/µL
WBC count
4,000–11,000 /µL
Platelets
150,000–400,000 /µL
MCV
80–100 fL
MCH
27–33 pg
MCHC
32–36 g/dL
RDW
11.5–14.5%
Reticulocytes
0.5–1.5%
ESR
M 0–15 · F 0–20 mm/hr
WBC Differential
Neutrophils
50–70%
Lymphocytes
20–40%
Monocytes
2–8%
Eosinophils
1–4%
Basophils
0.5–1%
⚡ Electrolytes serum
Sodium (Na⁺)
135–145 mEq/L
Potassium (K⁺)
3.5–5.0 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl⁻)
98–106 mEq/L
Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻, serum)
22–28 mEq/L
Calcium (total)
8.5–10.5 mg/dL
Calcium (ionised)
4.5–5.6 mg/dL
Magnesium
1.7–2.2 mg/dL
Phosphate
2.5–4.5 mg/dL
🫘 Renal Function
BUN (urea nitrogen)
7–20 mg/dL
Creatinine
M 0.7–1.3 · F 0.6–1.1 mg/dL
eGFR
≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m²
Uric acid
M 3.4–7.0 · F 2.4–6.0 mg/dL
🍬 Glucose & Diabetes
Fasting glucose
70–100 mg/dL
Random glucose
< 140 mg/dL
2-hr OGTT
< 140 mg/dL
HbA1c — normal
< 5.7% (pre-diabetes 5.7–6.4 · diabetes ≥ 6.5)
🧬 Liver & Protein
ALT
7–56 U/L
AST
10–40 U/L
ALP
44–147 U/L
GGT
8–61 U/L
Total bilirubin
0.1–1.2 mg/dL
Direct bilirubin
0.0–0.3 mg/dL
Total protein
6.0–8.3 g/dL
Albumin
3.5–5.0 g/dL
💛 Lipid Profile desirable
Total cholesterol
< 200 mg/dL
LDL cholesterol
< 100 mg/dL (optimal)
HDL cholesterol
M > 40 · F > 50 mg/dL (higher is better)
Triglycerides
< 150 mg/dL
🩸 Coagulation
PT (prothrombin time)
11–13.5 s
INR (not on warfarin)
0.8–1.1
INR (therapeutic, warfarin)
2.0–3.0
aPTT
25–35 s
Fibrinogen
200–400 mg/dL
D-dimer
< 0.5 µg/mL (< 500 ng/mL)
🫀 Cardiac Markers
Assay-specific cut-offs — always confirm against your local laboratory.
Troponin I
< 0.04 ng/mL
CK-MB
< 5% of total CK
BNP
< 100 pg/mL
NT-proBNP
< 125 pg/mL
🦋 Thyroid Function
TSH
0.4–4.0 mIU/L
Free T4
0.8–1.8 ng/dL
Free T3
2.3–4.2 pg/mL
🧲 Iron Studies
Serum iron
M 65–175 · F 50–170 µg/dL
Ferritin
M 12–300 · F 12–150 ng/mL
TIBC
240–450 µg/dL
Transferrin saturation
20–50%
🔥 Inflammatory & Metabolic
CRP
< 1.0 mg/dL
Lactate
0.5–2.2 mmol/L
Ammonia
15–45 µg/dL
Amylase
30–110 U/L
Lipase
0–160 U/L
🌬️ Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
pH
7.35–7.45
PaCO₂
35–45 mmHg
PaO₂
80–100 mmHg
HCO₃⁻ (arterial)
22–26 mEq/L
SaO₂
95–100%
Base excess
−2 to +2 mEq/L
🧪 Urinalysis
pH
4.5–8.0
Specific gravity
1.005–1.030
Protein
Negative (< 150 mg/day)
Glucose / Ketones
Negative
❤️ Normal Vital Signs by Age
Age
Heart rate (bpm)
Resp rate (/min)
Systolic BP (mmHg)
Newborn (0–1 mo)
100–160
30–60
60–90
Infant (1–12 mo)
90–160
30–53
70–100
Toddler (1–3 y)
80–130
22–37
80–110
Preschool (3–5 y)
80–120
20–28
80–110
School-age (6–12 y)
70–110
18–25
80–120
Adolescent (13–18 y)
60–100
12–20
90–120
Adult
60–100
12–20
< 120 / 80
Adult — other vitals
Temperature (oral)
36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F)
SpO₂ (oxygen saturation)
95–100%
Pain scale
0–10 (self-reported)
Adult blood pressure (ACC/AHA)
Normal
< 120 / < 80 mmHg
Elevated
120–129 / < 80 mmHg
Hypertension Stage 1
130–139 / 80–89 mmHg
Hypertension Stage 2
≥ 140 / ≥ 90 mmHg
Children's heart and respiratory rates run faster and fall as they grow. Always interpret vitals with the whole clinical picture.
💊 Therapeutic Drug Levels serum
Target therapeutic ranges. Levels are timing- and assay-dependent — always follow your local lab and pharmacy.
Drug
Therapeutic range
Digoxin
0.5–2.0 ng/mL (toxic > 2.0)
Lithium
0.6–1.2 mEq/L (toxic > 1.5)
Phenytoin
10–20 µg/mL
Valproic acid
50–100 µg/mL
Carbamazepine
4–12 µg/mL
Phenobarbital
15–40 µg/mL
Theophylline
10–20 µg/mL
Vancomycin (trough)
10–20 µg/mL
Gentamicin (peak / trough)
peak 5–10 · trough < 2 µg/mL
Warfarin (monitor by INR)
target INR 2.0–3.0
Acetaminophen (toxic, 4 h)
> 150 µg/mL
Salicylate (therapeutic)
15–30 mg/dL
💧 IV Fluids & Tonicity
Fluid
Tonicity
Key use
0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline)
Isotonic
Resuscitation, replacement
Lactated Ringer's (LR)
Isotonic
Surgery, burns, GI loss
D5W (5% dextrose in water)
Isotonic in bag → hypotonic in body
Free water, dilute drugs
0.45% NaCl (½ NS)
Hypotonic
Cellular hydration, maintenance
0.33% NaCl (⅓ NS)
Hypotonic
Maintenance
3% NaCl (hypertonic saline)
Hypertonic
Severe hyponatraemia (ICU)
D5 ½NS
Hypertonic
Maintenance + calories
D5NS
Hypertonic
Replacement + calories
D10W
Hypertonic
Hypoglycaemia
Isotonic stays in the vessels (expands blood volume) · Hypotonic shifts water into cells · Hypertonic pulls water out of cells. Normal Saline = 154 mEq/L sodium.
🔁 Conversions & Quick Facts
Weight & length
Kilograms → pounds
1 kg = 2.2 lb
Pounds → kilograms
1 lb = 0.454 kg
Inches → centimetres
1 in = 2.54 cm
Temperature
Fahrenheit → Celsius
(°F − 32) × 5/9
Celsius → Fahrenheit
(°C × 9/5) + 32
Metric & dose
Grams / milligrams / micrograms
1 g = 1,000 mg = 1,000,000 µg
Litres → millilitres
1 L = 1,000 mL
Grain (apothecary)
1 gr ≈ 60–65 mg
Household volume
Teaspoon
1 tsp = 5 mL
Tablespoon
1 tbsp = 15 mL
Ounce (fluid)
1 oz = 30 mL
Cup
1 cup = 240 mL
IV drop factors
Macrodrip sets
10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL
Microdrip set
60 gtt/mL
🎓 For education & learning purposes only. Reference ranges vary slightly by lab and source — always follow your institution's reference values and clinical judgment.
⬡ FAQ
Quick Reference — common questions
What is on the Quick Reference page?
Verified normal adult lab values, vital signs by age, therapeutic drug levels, IV fluids and tonicity, and common conversions — organised by category.
Are the reference values free and available offline?
Yes. The Quick Reference works offline in your browser and is completely free.
Which lab values are included?
Complete blood count, WBC differential, electrolytes, renal and liver function, glucose, lipids, coagulation, cardiac markers, thyroid, iron studies, ABG and urinalysis.
Can I rely on these values for patient care?
They are standard teaching references for learning; reference ranges vary by lab, so always follow your institution's own values and clinical judgement.
